Public Policy Reports

Public Policy Reports

National Mental Health Policy, Bangladesh – 2022

Executive Summary

Introduction

There is increasing global recognition of the importance of mental health and well-being, and the significant global burden of mental health conditions in both developing and developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates to Member States to develop national mental health policies and plans.

Mental well-being is a fundamental component of WHO’s definition of health and is included in the unified global agenda. When world leaders adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, they also committed to prioritize “prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases, including behavioural, developmental and neurological disorders, which constitute a major challenge for sustainable development.”

Good mental health enables people to realize their potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to their communities.

In Bangladesh, the prevalence of mental health conditions is 18.7% among adults and 12.6% among children. Considering the magnitude, the country needs to emphasize on the promotion of mental health and well-being. The number of trained mental health professionals is insufficient and most of the services are confined to large cities. In the context of stigma and discrimination, the treatment gap is high with significant familial and social consequences.


Rationale

Having a mental health policy in place is an essential step towards improving the mental health of the population. A mental health policy provides an overall direction by establishing a broad framework for action and coordination, through common vision and values for all programmes and services related to mental health.

This policy document acknowledges the significance and importance of relevant and useful local knowledge and practices. The document adheres to global and regional thinking, taking into perspective the country context. The social determinants of mental health, such as poverty, environmental issues and education, have been given due recognition.

Mental health will be made an integral part of the social and economic development of Bangladesh. In line with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, human rights aspects are to be taken into consideration. The mental health condition of the caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities is an important issue included in the national mental health policy.


Why Public Policy Reports Matter

The mental health policy has been formulated based on the mental health needs of the population, available services, pilot projects, as well as experiences of other countries and international experts.

Consultations and negotiations occurred through working groups and consensus meetings, involving representatives from the government, international organizations, professionals’ associations, universities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and persons with mental health conditions and their families.

The consultation process was held at the National Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Dhaka, with support of the WHO.


Vision

The vision of the national mental health policy is to ensure mental health and well-being of all people through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation based on self-empowerment, community and family support and enhancement of resources. The aim is to ensure participation of individuals in decision-making and inclusion in community life.


Values

The values and principles of the policy are equity and justice, integrated care, evidence-based service, holistic approach, quality assurance, rights-based approach, community care, intersectoral collaboration, and life-course approach.


Objectives

The objectives of this policy are to:

  1. strengthen effective leadership and governance for mental health to create a mental health friendly society;

  2. provide mental health care at all levels of the health care system (primary, secondary, tertiary) and facilitate access to and utilization of comprehensive mental health services by persons with mental health conditions, and increase access to mental health services for vulnerable groups according to universal health coverage;

  3. promote mental health, prevent mental health conditions and enhance awareness by reducing the stigma associated with mental health conditions;

  4. support the recovery process of people suffering from mental health conditions through rehabilitation;

  5. provide mental health and psychosocial support to survivors of disaster, trauma and humanitarian emergencies;

  6. give special attention to children and adolescents with mental health conditions and neurodevelopmental disabilities;

  7. enhance availability and equitable distribution of skilled human resources for better mental health;

  8. promote evidence generation and research;

  9. ensure the rights and protection of persons with mental health conditions;

  10. update the academic curriculum on mental health and substance abuse;

  11. ensure representation from various stakeholders;

  12. address substance abuses and addictive disorders;

  13. reduce risk and incidence of suicide and attempted suicide;

  14. provide support services for caregivers of persons with mental health conditions through a multisectoral approach; and

  15. establish a regulatory body for mental health professionals and services.


Areas for Action

The mental health policy considers the development of several areas for action such as: coordination, financing, organization of services, academic curriculum, mental health promotion, prevention of mental health conditions, rehabilitation, development of a nonpharmacological approach at all levels of the health system, mental health services for vulnerable populations, standardized skilled human resources, e-mental health services, evidence-based research and guidelines, neurodevelopmental disabilities, suicide prevention, regulatory body for mental health professionals, family-based training for providing mental health support.


Way Forward

A national mental health action plan will be developed for implementation of various policy options. This policy document is a part of the government’s assurance and reflects its political commitment to mental health issues.

Dissemination of the policy to all the stakeholders and public using varied strategies will be a crucial step for advocacy and raising awareness. Advocacy at all levels will be done to generate political and public support for policy and funding.


1. Introduction


Global Context

There has been increasing global recognition of the importance of mental health and the significant global burden of mental health conditions in both developing and developed countries.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental and neurological conditions. Mental health conditions account for 13% of the global burden of disease. This is expected to increase to nearly 15% by 2030.

Depression alone is likely to be the highest contributor to the global burden of disease by 2030. Mental health conditions are also associated with more than 90% of the one million suicides that occur annually (1). People with mental health conditions have a heightened risk of suffering from physical illnesses; the economic and social costs of mental health conditions are substantial.

Effective treatments are available for a wide range of mental health conditions but treatment gap of more than 75% exists in many low-income countries (2).

Mental health is one of the integral parts of health and well-being as per WHO’s definition of health:

“A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Determinants of mental health and mental health conditions include not only individual attributes, such as the ability to manage one’s thoughts, emotions, behaviours and interactions with others, but also social, cultural, economic, political and environmental factors, such as national policies, social protection, living standards, working conditions and community social support.

Exposure to adversity at a young age is an established preventable risk factor for mental health conditions. These factors need to be addressed through comprehensive strategies for promotion, prevention, treatment and recovery in a whole-of-government approach (3).

The Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly (WHA) held in 2012 approved and adopted WHA65.4 resolution on the global burden of mental health conditions and acknowledged the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the community level (4).

A comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 was adopted in the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly (3).

The Government of Bangladesh has shown a strong political commitment for issues related to autism and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Bangladesh hosted the largest regional conference on autism in July 2011. In the conference, the Dhaka Declaration on Autism Spectrum Disorders was ratified by seven countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region.

The Dhaka Declaration was referred to in the Regional Office for South-East Asia’s document “Comprehensive and coordinated efforts for the management of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and developmental disabilities.


Improving Mental Health, Well-being and Mental Health Services

Improving mental health, well-being and mental health services is an integral part of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly:

  1. SDG 3, Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. Suicide mortality rate is the chosen indicator to monitor progress towards this target.

  2. SDG 3, Target 3.8: Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.

Furthermore, improving mental health, ensuring inclusion of persons with mental health conditions in society, and protecting the human rights of those with mental health conditions will enable social and economic development as reflected in several other SDGs, including SDG 8 and SDG 10 and their respective targets:

  1. SDG 8, Target 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.

  2. SDG 10, Target 10.2: By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status.

  3. SDG 10, Target 10.3: Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard.


Rationale

Mental health outcomes are optimized when mental health is an essential component of public health and government policies (5).

Having in place a comprehensive mental health policy is an essential step towards improving mental health of the population. The national mental health policy marks an important milestone in establishing the foundation for addressing mental health in Bangladesh.

The policy provides the overall direction for mental health by instituting a common vision, values, objectives and a broad framework for action, which in turn helps to establish benchmarks for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of mental health conditions, as well as the promotion of mental health.

The principal guideline of the national mental health action plan, programmes and service-related activities would be based on the policy document.

Stigma regarding mental health is a huge challenge for Bangladesh. Promotion of mental health by de-stigmatization and desegregation of this issue is very much needed.

With the increasing prevalence rates of neurodevelopmental disabilities, it is also important to take into consideration the mental health of persons with neurodevelopmental disabilities, as well as their caregivers (such as depression rate is high among mothers of persons with autism spectrum disorder).


Process

The mental health policy has been formulated based on the mental health needs of the population, services available, pilot projects, as well as experiences of other countries and international experts.

Consultations and negotiations occurred through working groups and consensus meetings involving representatives from the government, international organizations, professional associations, universities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).

The consultation and development processes were held at the National Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Dhaka, with the support of WHO.

The proposed national mental health policy is in agreement with WHO’s Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, which was adopted by the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly (WHA66.8).


Key National Documents Integrating Mental Health

Mental health is an integral part of the social and economic development of Bangladesh and has been integrated in the following key policy documents:

  • Bangladesh Health Policy 2011

  • National Rural Development Policy 2001

  • National Social Protection Strategy of Bangladesh 2014

  • Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 2011

  • Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development 2015

Bangladesh has ratified the UN General Assembly Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as well as the Comprehensive and Coordinated Efforts for the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders (WHA67.8) adopted in the Sixty-seventh Session of the World Health Assembly in May 2014.

Persons with Disabilities Rights and Protection Act 2013 and Neurodevelopmental Disabled Persons Protection Trust Act 2013 were also enacted in Bangladesh.

The National Parliament on October 2018 enacted the Mental Health Act 2018. This was a huge milestone for mental health services in Bangladesh. This Act protects the rights of a person with mental health conditions.

The National Institute of Mental Health and Hospital developed a document on “Integration of Mental Health Services with Primary Health Care in Bangladesh” (6). Based on this document, community mental health services, such as training of health professionals, as well as awareness and advocacy programmes, are being undertaken.

 

The Alokito Manush Foundation (AMF): A Movement for Mental Health

The Alokito Manush Foundation (AMF) represents a burgeoning movement of activists, organizations, and individuals dedicated to challenging social stigma, raising awareness, and enhancing access to mental healthcare in a country where these issues have historically been neglected. This movement encompasses a wide range of initiatives, from high-level policy advocacy to grassroots support groups.


AMF: The “Voice of Change”

The AMF movement focuses on several key pillars to transform the landscape of mental health:

  • Challenging Social Stigma: A primary objective is to eradicate the pervasive stigma surrounding mental illness, where many fear being labeled as “weak” or “unstable.” By sharing powerful personal narratives—such as the story of a Bangladeshi woman who utilized comedy as a therapeutic tool to help others—the movement is successfully shifting the public perception that mental health struggles are “imaginary.”

  • Policy and Systemic Reform: AMF advocates have been instrumental in driving systemic progress, including the landmark approval of the National Mental Health Act of 2018. The movement continues to push for policies that prioritize community-based services and ensure rigorous monitoring and regulation of mental healthcare providers.

  • Youth and Student Engagement: A significant portion of this “voice of change” is led by the younger generation. Key initiatives recommendation include:

    • School-Based Support: In collaboration with organizations like UNICEF and the Ministry of Education, mental health support is being integrated directly into the national curriculum.

    • Accessible Helplines: AMF-supported helplines provide vital, confidential counseling to adolescents and individuals in remote or disadvantaged populations.

    • Awareness Campaigns: Youth-led projects are normalizing conversations about emotional well-being through workshops in schools and local communities.

  • Digital Innovation: Recognizing the constraints of a resource-limited setting, advocates are leveraging digital platforms to increase the reach and accessibility of mental health services. Online media is becoming a critical tool for education and the delivery of remote care.


Conclusion

The overarching mission of the AMF movement is to establish mental health as a fundamental human right. By dismantling cultural myths and ensuring mental well-being is treated with the same urgency as physical health, AMF is fostering a more compassionate and resilient society.

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🇧🇩 Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
National Mental Health Policy
(Public Policy and Expert Panel Overview)


🧭 Key Policy Goals

Mental Health:
A state of well-being in which individuals realize their own abilities, can cope with normal life stresses, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute positively to their community.

Substance Abuse / Addiction:
Defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs alter brain structure and function, often leading to long-lasting behavioural changes.

Mental Health Condition:
A syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.

Mental Illness:
Refers to disorders characterized by dysregulation of mood, thought, and/or behaviour, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM).

Neurodevelopmental Disorders or Disabilities:
A group of heterogeneous conditions involving delays or disturbances in the acquisition of developmental skills (motor, social, language, cognition).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
Defined by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.

Mental Health Promotion:
Creation of individual, social, and environmental conditions that empower people to achieve optimal mental health and quality of life.


📊 Public Policy Reports

Mental Health Conditions Prevention:
Aims to reduce the incidence, prevalence, recurrence, and duration of mental health conditions, prevent relapses, and decrease the societal and familial impacts.

Mental Health Policy:
An organized framework of values, principles, and objectives to improve mental health, reduce mental disorder burdens, and define a national vision for future action.


🏛️ Policy Platform

Mental Health Plan:
Outlines strategies, budgets, and timeframes to implement policy objectives, along with expected outputs, targets, and performance indicators.

Mental Health Services:
Includes outpatient clinics, day treatment centres, psychiatric hospital wards, community mental health teams, supported housing, and mental hospitals.

Mental Health Experts:
Psychiatrists and psychologists.

Mental Health Professionals:
Includes psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric social workers.

Mental Health Workforce:
Comprises occupational therapists, speech therapists, physiotherapists, and related professionals.

mhGAP-IG (Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide):
A WHO technical tool for non-specialist health settings, guiding the management of priority conditions such as depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, epilepsy, developmental and behavioural disorders, dementia, alcohol/drug use disorders, self-harm, and others.

Recovery:
For individuals with mental illness, recovery means gaining hope, understanding strengths and limitations, developing autonomy, and finding meaning and purpose in life. Recovery focuses on empowerment and social reintegration, not merely cure.

Rehabilitation:
(Also known as psychiatric rehabilitation) — promotes recovery, community integration, and quality of life through evidence-based, person-directed services that build functional and social skills.

Psychosocial Disabilities:
Refers to people diagnosed with mental health conditions who face stigma, discrimination, and exclusion. Includes current or former service users and self-identified individuals.

E-Mental Health:
Use of digital communication technologies — such as mobile apps, online platforms, and social media — to support and improve mental well-being.

Vulnerable Populations:
Includes the economically disadvantaged, minorities, uninsured, elderly, homeless, people with HIV/AIDS, and those with chronic or severe mental illnesses.


📚 Bibliography

A comprehensive list of 39 key policy, research, and WHO references supports Bangladesh’s national mental health framework — including WHO Mental Health Atlas reports, mhGAP resources, National Mental Health Policy, and surveys conducted by NIMH, DGHS, and WHO Bangladesh between 2003–2019.


👥 Expert / Resource Persons

(Not listed according to seniority)

  1. Saima Wazed – WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Autism, Chairperson, National Advisory Committee on Autism and NDDs, Bangladesh; Chairperson, Shuchona Foundation.

  2. Prof. Dr. Md. Golam Rabbani – Chairperson, Neuro Development Disability Protection Trustee Board, Ministry of Social Welfare, Bangladesh.

  3. Prof. Dr. Abul Kalam Azad – Director General, DGHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka.

  4. Professor AHM Enayet Hossain – Additional Director General, DGHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka.

  5. Professor Md. Waziul Alam Chowdhury – President, Bangladesh Association of Psychiatrist (BAP).

  6. Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Mohit – Director-cum-Professor, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka.

  7. Dr. Nazneen Anwar – Regional Adviser, Mental Health, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India.

  8. Professor MSI Mullick – Department of Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  9. Professor Jhunu Shamsun Nahar – Department of Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  10. Prof. Dr. Md. Faruq Alam – Former Director-cum-Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  11. Dr. Nur Mohammad – Line Director, NCDC, DGHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka.

  12. Prof. Dr. Mahadab Chandra Mandal – Former Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  13. Prof. Dr. Nilufer Akhter Jahan – Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  14. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Khasru Pervez Chowdhury – Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  15. Brig. Gen. Prof. Dr. Azizul Islam – Professor & Adviser in Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka.

  16. Professor Shalahuddin Qusar Biplob – Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  17. Dr. Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman – Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka.

  18. Prof. Dr. Shahin Islam – Professor of Education & Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka.

  19. Prof. Nahid Mahjabin Morshed – Professor & Course Coordinator, Dept. of Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  20. Dr. Md. Rizwanul Karim – Program Manager-2, NCDC, DGHS, Dhaka.

  21. Dr. Syed Mahfuzul Huq – National Professional Officer (NCD), WHO Country Office, Dhaka.

  22. Malka Shamrose – Chief Operating Officer, Shuchona Foundation.

  23. Dr. Tara Kessaram – Medical Officer, Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Country Office, Dhaka.

  24. Dr. Sultana Algin – Associate Professor, Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  25. Dr. Avra Das Bhowmik – Associate Professor, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogra.

  26. Dr. Helal Uddin Ahmed – Associate Professor, Child, Adolescent & Family Psychiatry, NIMH, Dhaka.

  27. Nazish Arman – Coordinator, Content Development, Shuchona Foundation.

  28. Dr. Md. Delwar Hossain – Associate Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  29. Dr. M. M. Jalal Uddin – Consultant, Mental Health, WHO Country Office, Bangladesh.

  30. Dr. Mekhala Sarker – Associate Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  31. Dr. Mohammad Tariqul Alam – Associate Professor, NIMH, Dhaka.

  32. Dr. Niaz Mohammad Khan – Associate Professor of Psychiatry, OSD, DGHS, Deputed to BSMMU.

  33. Hasina Momotaz – National Consultant, Mental Health, WHO Country Office, Dhaka.

  34. Dr. Farjana Rahman Dina – Assistant Professor, Community and Social Psychiatry, NIMH, Dhaka.

  35. Dr. Zinat De Laila – Assistant Professor, Adult Psychiatry, NIMH, Dhaka.

  36. Dr. Sifat E. Syed – Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, BSMMU, Dhaka.

  37. Dr. Tanjir Rashid – Consultant, NDD Trust.

  38. Dr. Maruf Ahmed Khan – DPM, NCDC, DGHS, Dhaka.

  39. Dr. Mohammad Shahnewaz Parvez – DPM, NCDC, DGHS, Dhaka.

  40. Dr. Md. Rahanul Islam – Central Drug Addiction Treatment Centre, Dhaka.

  41. Shishir Moral – Special Correspondent, The Daily Prothom Alo.

  42. Md. Kamrul Ahsan – Sr. ASP, School of Intelligence, SB, Dhaka.

  43. Andalib Mahmud – Psychosocial Program Coordinator, Innovation for Wellbeing Foundation.

  44. Subodh Das – Development Manager, ADD International, Dhaka.

  45. Md. Jamal Hossain – Psychiatric Social Worker, NIMH, Dhaka.

  46. Jakia Ahmed – Special Correspondent, Sara Bangla.

  47. Razia Sultana – Project Coordinator, CRP, Ganakbari, Sreepur, Savar.

  48. Farid Uddin Ahmed – Senior Reporter, Daily Manab Zamin.

  49. Pathan Sohag – Staff Reporter, Protidiner Sangbad.

  50. Rafiqul Islam – Staff Reporter, The Daily Amader Samay.

  51. Aneeqa R. Ahmad – Secretariat Coordinator, Shuchona Foundation, Dhaka.

AMF Public Policy Platform

The AMF Public Policy Platform, along with its accompanying resolutions, is formally approved by the AMF Board and its stakeholders to direct our advocacy efforts across Bangladesh. These foundational documents serve as a strategic blueprint, ensuring that our positions remain consistent, evidence-based, and deeply rooted in the lived experiences of those affected by mental illness. Reflecting our core values—equity, dignity, access, recovery, and inclusion—this platform guides our mission to improve regulations and programs at both the governmental and local levels.


Purpose of the Policy Platform

  • Unified Voice: To establish a clear and consistent stance on critical mental health policy issues.

  • Empowerment: To equip advocates and affiliates with a unified message when engaging policymakers and stakeholders.

  • Strategic Alignment: To ensure all advocacy efforts remain focused on the AMF mission and vision.

  • Legislative Influence: To shape future laws and regulations to better serve individuals and families within the specific demographic and socioeconomic context of Bangladesh.


Development and Guiding Principles

The platform is the result of a collaborative process involving nationwide grassroots input, reviews by mental health and public health experts, and final board approval. Our work is guided by the following principles:

  • Mental Health as a Human Right: Ensuring universal access to affordable, high-quality, and culturally competent care.

  • Recovery and Resilience: Promoting policies that support an individual’s full participation in community life.

  • Dignity and Respect: Eradicating stigma and treating every individual with compassion.

  • Equity and Inclusion: Addressing disparities in access and outcomes for marginalized communities.

  • Collaboration: Building partnerships between providers, advocates, and those with lived experience.


Core Policy Areas

  1. Access to Care: Enforcing mental health parity across local affiliates, expanding telehealth, and bolstering community-based services.

  2. Crisis Response: Supporting the implementation of a national crisis lifeline, mobile crisis teams, and stabilization units to ensure compassionate emergency responses.

  3. Workforce Development: Addressing the shortage of mental health professionals and grassroots volunteers while promoting trauma-informed care.

  4. Youth and School-Based Services: Integrating mental health education into the national curriculum and expanding early intervention and counseling services for students.

  5. Research and Innovation: Advocating for research into the causes and prevention of mental illness and supporting the development of innovative, affordable care models.


The Power of Resolutions

The AMF Board adopts specific resolutions to clarify stances on emerging or complex topics, such as suicide prevention strategies, the ethical use of technology in treatment, and equity in care access. These provide immediate guidance for advocates and serve as vital reference points in public discourse.


Why a Unified Platform Matters

Without a cohesive framework, advocacy efforts risk becoming fragmented. A unified platform ensures that when thousands of advocates speak with one voice, our message is strategic, impactful, and impossible to ignore.


Taking Action: Your Role

The Policy Platform is a roadmap for progress, but its power lies with the advocates who utilize it. By bringing these positions to your community, you:

  • Amplify our collective message.

  • Educate decision-makers and stakeholders.

  • Inspire others to join the movement.

By working together, we can transform this policy blueprint into real-world change—creating better regulations, stronger systems, and improved lives. The AMF Policy Platform is our shared vision for a future where mental healthcare in Bangladesh is accessible, compassionate, and equitable for all.

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